Paiboc Analysis

PAIBOC ANALYSIS PP Slides for following: PAIBOC Analysis Note: Use complete sentences and proper punctuation / grammar. Do not exceed one page. P What is your purpose or your purposes? What do you want your audience to know, think, or do? The purpose of the message is to both educate students on the responsible use of credit and credit cards and to give them tools and examples of how to use debt responsibly. A Who is your target audience? Describe the typical person in the group.What personal characteristics of your target audience are relevant to this message? The target audience would be Seniors in High School-Graduate Students in College, primarily ages 18-24. Subtarget would be those who have little or no direct experience managing finances or even knowledge of such things as APR, late-fees, over-limit fees, etc. Gender and ethnicity are irrelevant except as defined within economic needs. I What information must you include in the message?Information that must be included consist s of: relevancy of debt/credit; consequences of irresponsible use of credit; ways to manage credit/debt; and reasonable expectations of the use of credit. B How can you build support for your position? What reasons or benefits will your target audience find convincing? Support is built through real-world examples, showing how much credit actually â€Å"costs,† consequences to job, insurance, or ability to be employed in certain industries; ability to remain in school rather than drop out to pay for debt, etc. O What objections can you expect?How can you address the objections? Most students live in the here and now, thinking little of future consequences; objections will be numerous – but I need to get that x, y or z; it was on sale; it's a great deal; I needed to pay for dinner, etc. –objections may be addressed by helping students categorize expenses. C What aspects of the context or situation might affect audience response? Invitation to seminar or profession al setting may have greater effect than, say, extemporaneous speaking at a cafA © or bar. Standing outside a Mall and trying to persuade students not to spend will likely have little effect.Here's the scenario: it's your first week away from home and on campus. You are registering for class, caught up in the excitement of new friends, experiences, new places to visit, and dozens of vendors handing out T-shirts, Frisbees, even Ipods – so what's the catch? Each of these vendors is â€Å"offering you a free credit card,† just sign up today – no, you don't need a job, we trust college students. If you signed on the dotted line, you'll not be alone – over 75% of college students have at least two credit cards, and 60% have more than two.And, did you by chance take the time to read the fine print? Did you know that the first bill you receive, even if you don't spend a dime, will include a $50 activation fee? That your interest rate is almost %30; and that if you are even one day late on your payment you're charged a $50 late fee and your interest rate rises? Well, that's the reality of the situation, and yes, the government is trying to regulate the industry and put guidelines on credit – but ultimately, it is your responsibility to manage credit.Credit is a relatively new concept in consumer economics; your grandparents had to save and purchase most things in cash – exceptions were larger purchases like a home or car. Credit also has a cost to it – which will vary depending on the situation and creditor. Credit is almost essential though, you cannot shop online without a credit or debit card; you may need to purchase textbooks or an apartment deposit before your Student Aid money arrives, or you may have a medical emergency or automobile repair that is essential for your life. However, consider the following real-world example.Seth, like you, received numerous credit card offers – which he accepted. Pretty s oon, he was feeling quite wonderful, knowing he had $5,000 in money that he â€Å"could† spend. Now Seth wasn't a brain, but he did well in school, and made a lot of new friends; who invited him out regularly for pizza and beer. Of course, not wanting to seem â€Å"cheap,† Seth almost always bought a few pitchers; and then there was that new DVD; oh, and those fantastic tennis shoes; and did we mention Seth met a special person and wanted to impress- the bill for that night out was only $400 – easy, right?Within a few months, even though Seth had made his payments on time, his cards were maxed out – he owed $5,000 to three credit card companies – his monthly payments were right around $300, and, here's the focal point – it will take Seth 11 years to pay off that slice of pizza he had last week, and instead of just owing $5,000, he will pay the credit card companies almost $10,000. What a great way to start a career, right, not to mention a f amily? Seth's story isn't over. He cut his cards and tried to act responsibly; and then it came time for his auto insurance enewal – his rates increased 23% – he called and found out it was because of his credit score. Doing a little research, Seth found out that not only does his bank and insurance company check his credit score; but also potential employers, especially higher-end or technological companies, have minimum standards before they will even interview. So, what's the smart way to manage credit – it's easy, and can be accomplished in just four simple steps: 1. Use a debit card whenever possible; especially for purchases like food, gas, and entertainment. Spend only what you can and resist the urge for that â€Å"immediate gratification. 2. Save your credit cards for emergencies; not emergencies like a trip to Matzatlan, but real emergencies like healthcare, auto repair, textbooks, seminars, etc. Even then, manage your credit so that you can completel y pay of X purchase in 6 payments maximum. 3. Never be late on your credit card payment and always pay more than the minimum – if an emergency happens, call the company, most will take a payment over the phone, although some with a small fee. 4. Avoid impulse – don't carry your credit card to the bar, restaurant, etc. â€Å"just in case. † Budget for the present and you will be budgeting for the future.PAIBOC| 35 up, 18 down| | PAIBOC stand for purpose, audience,information, objection, context. This is most valuable thing you will ever learn in life. Without PAIBOC you are a loser and good for nothing. Just ask that english teacher from woodbridge. In real truth PAIBOC is a worthless peice of crap that is good for nothing and really wont get you anywhere. It seems as though even this teacher has not applied PAIBOC to everything because she is so bad at everything that she does. Below are some suggestions of when to use PAIBOC. while using the toilet- your purpos e is to pee or poo. our audience is anyone that may be in the washroom at that time. Information you recieve is whether you managed to go pee or poo. Benefits are feeling very relieved after. Objection is if nothing will come out and it objects. Context is the circumstances as to why you had to go pee or poo. please ask yourself these questions before the next time you use the toilet. | PAIBOC stands for Purpose, Audience, Information, Benefits, Objections and Context. It is an analysis technique that can be used to analyse whatever you want. However, it is particularly useful when analysing a piece of writing material (-ie- Portfolio or Novel).

Interviewed Couple Essay

The family is regarded as the basic unit of society and as such, good parenting is important in order to strengthen the family as an institution. Nevertheless, the situation of every family is different. There are important factors such as age, cultural, background, financial stability, etc. that must be carefully considered in assessing the parenting style in every family. Being the case, it is necessary that the situation of families are given due importance and the most effective way to be able to understand parenting styles is through the face-to-face interaction with parents. In relation to this, Henry and Tanya Pietrkowski were interviewed when it comes to parenting their daughter, Sophia. The interviewees are Henry and Tanya Pietrkowski who are the parents of a 14 years old teenager. The first part of the interview is about the family background of the couple that involves their respective ethnicity and religion. Tanya has a German-Jewish and Russian Jewish ethnicity. She pointed out that there was a conflict between the German and Russian sides of her family. She grew up in a small town Georgia wherein Jews are regarded as a minority. On the other hand, Henry came from a family of first-generation American Jewish. His parents emigrated from Poland and were Holocaust survivors. Henry grew up in the north side of Chicago. In this part of the interview, the ethnicity and religious background of the couple is given importance because the place and way by which they grew up have a substantial effect in their corresponding beliefs and values about parenting (McDermott 4). In addition, through the conversation of the interviewer with the couple it was established that their ancestors were immigrants from other countries and regarded as a minority in the American society. Tanya even explicitly stated that she experienced living in a small town in Georgia wherein Jews are a minority. In terms of parenting, the cultural background of the parents is important, especially when it comes to dealing with teachers that will be responsible in educating their children. The parents and the teachers should be able to understand each other in terms of cultural context in order for them to properly guide the education and behavior of the child (McDermott 4). The interview with the couple also gives emphasis with the respective lessons that they learn from their parents regarding parenting. The couple explained that their parents veered away from the parenting styles of their grandparents because the latter experienced a very difficult childhood, which is why in the case of Tanya, her parents chose to live in Georgia so that she will not experience the difficulties that they went through. Both the parents of the couple are disciplinarians. Nevertheless, they were still able to maximize their skills and talents even though their parents are not financial stable. Tanya’s father was an art professor, which make it easier for her to develop her singing, running, debating, and other skills because her father provided her with private lessons with his colleagues in the academe. Tanya’s father exemplified the ability of parents to give the necessary their children by means of supporting their interests, which eventually served as a huge help in maximizing their potentials as individuals (Heath 316). Unfortunately, Tanya admitted that her parents were not able to address the issues that they have during their childhood, which makes it difficult for them to instill the necessary values to her and her brother. Furthermore, Tanya and her mother also have disagreements on the way Tanya raised her daughter, especially when it comes to financial matters and the values that she teach her daughter. The problem of Tanya’s parents in teaching values to their children is brought about by unresolved childhood issues, which is discussed by Erik Erikson in the stages of development. Tanya’s parents were not able to properly go through the different stages of development, which is why their unresolved childhood issues still affects their parenting style (Elkind 9). Moreover, the disagreement between Tanya and her mother is also caused by the failure of the mother to properly develop into an adult that has the necessary financial stability and value fulfillment (Newman and Newman 317). The second part of the interview involves the conversation about the marriage of the couple and their decision to conceive a child. Based on the answer of the couple, they were only 13 months married when Tanya became pregnant. The couple already acknowledges the idea that they will become parents but they did not expect that it will happen very soon. However, even though the child came very early in their marriage the couple was able to fulfill their respective dreams of being married first and having a stable job before having a baby. In this situation, the couple was individually fulfilled before having a baby, which is essential in their growth process as adults and eventually has a good effect in their parenting (Simon and Lambert 91). The last part of the interview is about the parenting of the couple. It is clearly observable that the couple also wants the best for their daughter, in terms of her living a better life as compared to them. The couple has their own parenting style that is different from their parents because their experienced taught them their parents lack the necessary tending in the way they were raised (Taylor 34). Moreover, the couple also moved to a part of Chicago that has Jewish community in order for their daughter not to feel isolated. They also enrolled their daughter to a Jewish school in order for her to have a strong Jewish faith unlike them. The couple admitted that they do not have any specific parenting style for their daughter wherein they did not establish any parenting roles of rules that their daughter need to follow. The couple just goes with the flow of parenting but they believed that they were able to raise their children well because they listen to her, which is important in parenting. The couple advised other parents that the right way of parenting is by trusting one’s instinct, which is actually true in the most current studies that there is â€Å"no single recipe for successful parenting† because every family have different issues, backgrounds, beliefs, and values that must be considered in identifying the right parenting style (Maccoby 451).

Hunger Games Book Review

Everyone has heard the saying that winning is not everything. In Suzanne Collin’s bestseller, The Hunger Games, it redefines that saying. In the novel, North America has been through some apocalyptic disasters and is known as Panam with twelve districts that are ruled by the Capitol. Each year the Hunger Games are held as a reminder of the bleak past and that the Capitol is still in control of the citizens of Panam. One girl and one boy between the ages twelve and eighteen from each district are drafted to fight to death in the Hunger Games.The last one standing is the winner and will bring home the fame and fortune for their district. Each kid must attend â€Å"The Reaping†, which is the ceremony where the names are drawn for the person to be in the Hunger Games. Primrose Everdeen is only twelve years old and this is her first year attending â€Å"The Reaping†. Her sister, Katniss Everdeen, assures her that she’s not going to be picked because her name is only in the drawing once. Surprisingly, the odds were not in Primrose’s favor.Katniss cannot stand to see her little sister go and fend for herself in the Hunger Games, so she does the unthinkable and volunteers to take Primrose’s place as tribute, a person who competes in the Hunger Games. Peeta Mellark is the male tribute chosen to represent District 12 in the Hunger Games. Peeta has had an everlasting crush on Katniss since the day they met. Will Katniss have mutual feelings with Peeta during this crucial time of life or death or will the love be a distraction while it boils in the heart? Also, will the beloved characters perish or will they prevail in the Hunger Games?The Hunger Games is a compelling young adult novel that will surely appeal to many readers that admire action and adventure with a hint of romance. In my opinion, The Hunger Games is an exceptional novel that is dramatic and really fun to read. The author, Suzanne Collins, does a really good job with developing the plot. The plot is very unique and unpredictable. I really liked the little plot twists she throws in the story; it keeps the story interesting. I also like how the story has just the right amount of action and romance. The action keeps the whole book from being consumed from all of the romance.The main characters were all developed really well, but I think the minor characters could have been developed a little better. Other than that, the whole book was excellent. I believe this book will appeal to people who like stories about action and adventure with slight romance to freshen things up. This book will also most likely appeal to both genders of teenagers and adults. In summary, The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins is a remarkable novel that will make you yearn to find out what’s going to happen next in the trilogy. The book has a great plot that will definitely leave a lasting impression on the reader.

Terrorism Waves In America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Terrorism Waves In America - Research Paper Example This study is structured around the hypothesis that terrorism in the US lacks particular/substantive definition due to evolutionary forces experienced under different waves. The definition of terrorism is therefore multifaceted according to the various waves experienced. Terror is a deep-rooted phenomenon in the modern world. Though having begun in the late nineteenth century in Russia, the modern terror has evolved to cover the whole world, with the US such a hard hit victim. The simplest definition of a wave is an activity cycle per a given period characterized by phases of contractions as well as expansions. According to the report, each wave as described had a particular predominant defining feature, which also would explain the naming. This paper makes a conclusion that , terrorism is the use of force unlawfully against a person or property with a motive of intimidating and or coercing a sovereign government, the population of civilians or such a segment guided by an objective of political as well as social gain. This definition serves as the basis of the paper with the understanding that it is not wholly universally accepted but that it has common features that are ascribed to terror activities in general. Terrorism activities in the United States have nevertheless been very dynamic and this explains the evolution of the definitions accorded to terrorism in the states. The terrorism waves are ‘anarchist wave,’ ‘anti colonial wave,’ ‘new left wave’ as well as ‘religious wave’.

History and philosophy of International Baccalaureate programme Essay

History and philosophy of International Baccalaureate programme - Essay Example The research also finds that there is need for further research regarding the efficacy and efficiency of the IBP versus those of ordinary educational programs. In the meritocratic world of today, where the quality of education is greatly valued, it seems important to evaluate the different systems of education in order to assure that the future generation gets the best education possible. With the effects of globalization on today’s world, whereby mobility is an essential factor in the work arena, finding an education system that can be validated internationally is of great importance. Many of the novel problems in the globalized world have been solved through the evolution of International Baccalaureate Program. The International Baccalaureate Program evolved to allow for the children of mobile parents worldwide to receive a good education. It was intended to enable students to qualify for universities of their choice and study in international schools. So, what started as a solution to a global problem was embraced worldwide because of the academic rigor and international education imparted thereby (Walker, 2004, p. 7). The International School of Geneva was founded in 1924 to meet the needs of the employees of the, now defunct, League of Nations. The school was the oldest international school in Geneva to survive the Second World War. Its inception was, indeed, a first step towards world harmony and, thus, peace. Its staff came from different countries; the school had to accommodate a diverse range of culture and also prepare the children for university education in their own countries (Peterson, 2005). Although, in the beginning, the idea ignited some of the post war idealists, due to low mobility it did not grow as it did after the Second World War. In 1951, the International Schools Association (ISA) was set up to help the growing number of international schools. One of the problems encountered by schools throughout the world was to

Critique 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Critique 2 - Essay Example The theater also had a set stage where piano presentations were well orchestrated. Seok-Min having had the exposure and years of training on the piano. He got the opportunity to present his skills to the audience. The Sonata in C Major was a very slow and subtle piece written and composed by Joseph Haydn in the 17th and 18th century. There was also another piece B Minor composed by Franz Liszt and written in 1811 to 1886. The piece was long and well separated with hype and the mid and a slag finish. Although the piece was no interactive as then, performers had a fixed position as they keyed their way in the performance. In the recital hall, a number of musical pieces such as the piece by Claude Debussy, Etudes (1915). The piano presentation was primarily a senior grounds on which, I had the opportunity to get in touch with the other professional artist such as on ever. The piano presentation hall lacked proper organizations as the viewers were a section the performance was not as wel l orchestrated. The coordination and rhyme of the pattern lines as Seok-Min played were not in line with the other beats from the backup singers. The soprano presentation was very well planned but at the begin the lack time conscious meant that the piece had to be fast passed in order to appear like it was perfectly matched with the real thing. Seok-Min performance, on the other hand, was perfect as the support his musical pieces came through swiftly in the end. Their dressing also made the event look well organized as they marched to suit the theme they were reflecting in their musical pieces. The piano performers Seok-Min on the piano was also able to make his piece Sonata in B minor a success as his esteemed practice showed perfections as his confidence on the piano was visible although the theater. His mode and sample piece were different from the other one before him as it allowed for a chance in the treble. He incorporated major

The Impact of Global Warming on Agricultural Production Dissertation

The Impact of Global Warming on Agricultural Production - Dissertation Example The significance of this portfolio lies with my genuine interest to identify the relationship between crop farm level agriculture and global warming in China. The underlying inspiration behind this exploration is my experience in Bayer CropScience Ltd in Northeast China. In the changing global context, sustainable agricultural forecasting and irrigational developments require rather collaborated efforts. The production of crops including soybean, wheat, and corn becomes more difficult as the predictability of weather and climate decreases. The aftermath of global warming is very evident in Northeastern China where drought and rain failure is severe. Other challenges those have a direct impact on agriculture are inconsistency in rainfall, increasing temperature, floods, and hurricanes. Global warming inflicts wide range of calamities including rising temperature, climate change, glacier retreat and disappearance, ocean and social system issues, and health problems. Recent studies show that global warming and thereby significant climate changes have dreadfully affected agriculture production across the globe. Many countries have abandoned their agriculture production as they do not get adequate returns to cover capital invested and efforts taken. Improved agriculture production is essential for the human existence; and hence, it is necessary to find out possible ways to mitigate the impact of global warming. China, the world’ most populated country with 7% of the world’s arable land available to feed 22% of the world’s population is more likely to be affected by climate change. Among various crops, soybean is the most vulnerable one to temperature fluctuations. The suitable temperature for soybean is 15-22  °C at emergence, 20-25  °C at flow ering, and 15-22  °C at maturity (Liu et al., 2008). The Context I have long years’ experience in agricultural farming and have worked in Bayer CropScience Ltd in Northeast China. The Bayer CropScience is well known for its leadership in the area of crop protection, non-agricultural pest-control, seeds and plant biotechnology around the world. Bayer vehemently tries to prevent climate changes as part of its sustainability strategy through a series of improvement programs in its own production operations. Therefore, the author is familiar with agriculture production, climate changes, and variation in the volume of farming outcomes over the past several years. The adverse effect of global warming is easily visible in Chinese Soybean industry. China is one of the world’s largest Soybean producers. However, the country has faced a considerable decline in quantity and quality of soybean produced and distributed over last few years. The concept of sustainable agriculture h as become very vital to meet the basic needs of next generations. Sustainable agriculture indicates the practice of agricultural activities based on the principles of ecology. Global warming is defined as â€Å"a continuing increase in Earth’s overall temperature† (Farrar, 2007, p.7). The instrumental temperature record indicates that average global surface temperature has been increased by 0.74 degree Celsius during the 20th century. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that global surface temperature may rise in 21st century from 1.5 to 1.9o C (for lowest emissions scenario) or 3.4 to 6.1o C (for highest emissions scenario). These estimations were made by applying the techniques of sensitivity to greenhouse gas

Strategizing optimum location Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Strategizing optimum location - Essay Example The first two will strategize manufacturing concerns of the abattoir, whereas the last one is a service roadmap. Analysis and theoretical briefing: The standard design of an abattoir goes somewhat like this: a 60 m2 by 30 m2 rectangular Plan consisting mainly of 1)Production module (Pi): P1 slaughter floor, P2 lairage (store area for animals prior to slaughter), P3 chiller, P4 tripe room, P5 meat cutting and processing. 2)Service module (Si): S1 water supply, S2 effluent disposal, S3 solid waste and blood disposal, S4 hide and skin processing, S5 electric light and power. For our case study, we restrict our discussions on a simplistic level only. Let us examine how standard Operation procedures apply in this case. Using linear programming, we need to mainly determine the quantity and variety (e.g. cattle, pigs, sheep and goat, etc.) of slaughter needed/day based on market demand; in this example the "objective function" is market revenue (Ri) out of beef (x1) and pork (x2), and the constraints are space requirements, and market "demand".

Assault and battery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assault and battery - Coursework Example It is clear that contact sports imply random injuries. The difference is that when injuries are the result of deliberate, unfair, unacceptable and excessive use of violence, it becomes assault and/or battery, depending on the result. This is the case of aggressive players. In order to establish the existence of assault, the next test is applied: 1. Intentional, unlawful threat to hurt somebody; 2. The threatened person felt a well motivated fear of imminent attack and 3. The possibility of realizing the threat is undoubtful. A similar test is applied in order to establish battery: 1. The existence of a violent act towards the plaintiff; 2. The defendant willingfully used the violence and 3. The causation: the violent act hurt the plaintiff. Therefore, I believe that the user of a deliberate elbow to the face or a knee to the groin in basketball, the deliberate use of spikes by a runner in baseball, eye gouging in football, or other violence that causes unnecessary injuries in sports can be held liable for assault and/or battery, the key words in all this being deliberate and unnecessary.

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay Example for Free

Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams Essay In the article entitled, Greed, Need and Money, Walter Williams presents his take on the economics and logic of keeping CEOs highly paid. He essentially argues that these huge â€Å"golden parachutes† and corporate salaries are justified by return that these companies get in return. Just because a CEO gets a high salary does not mean that he does not deserve it or do anything to help the company recover that value. By comparing this to a simple supply and demand model, Walter Williams is able to show that the reason the salaries are so high is because the demand is high as well and supply is pretty scarce. One manner by which the mention of the word greed can be applied to the economic lessons that have been discussed is to juxtapose this to the application of greed as an economic theory. Greed can be said to be the primal instinct for self-preservation of people. In an attempt to protect one’s self, man seeks only to pursue his individual interests without care for the well-being of others. In relation to economics, this pursuit of individual interests is greed or the pursuit of economic self-interests, otherwise known as individual wealth accumulation. Greed as a driving force is not an entirely new concept as it was originally part of the Invisible Hand theory introduced by Adam Smith. The basic precept of the invisible hand is that in a free market a person who chooses to be greedy and pursue his own interests in invariably also furthering the good of the entire community. A perfect example is in a situation where a person seeks to maximize his personal profits in total disregard of other factors. By applying the Invisible Hand theory of Adam Smith, it can be shown that when the total revenue of society is calculated this becomes identical to the summation of the individual revenues of every member of that society. In order to arrive at a better understanding of how greed, which is a key concept under the Invisible Hand Theory, both drives and regulates capitalist markets, it is essential to have a brief discussion of the basic supply and demand model. This is because production is driven by the willingness of the seller to supply and the basic goal of every seller is to increase profits (greed). This can be understood from two approaches, however, the first being profit maximization through an increase in the volume of units sold (assuming ceteris paribus) and the second being profit maximization through a decrease in the cost of the factors of production which in turn increases the profit margins per unit sold. The basic supply-demand model becomes critical in this understanding because under the market model sales will only willingly occur at the equilibrium point. The price level of a good essentially is determined by the point at which quantity supplied equals quantity demanded. The law of supply and demand predicts that the price level will move toward the point that equalizes quantities supplied and demanded. Greed is crucial in this sense because it is the basic assumption or behavior under this model. Without greed, there would be no drive for the individuals in society to pursue their own self-interests. The absence of this driving mechanism would mean that there will be no individual revenues and thus leading to the failure of the community revenue to equalize with its summation. This basically means that society’s scarce resources become more efficiently allocated through the regulatory nature of greed in capitalist markets. While the Invisible Hand theory has already been rejected as an acceptable economic model by the works of John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman, the more complex markets of today have shown that the pursuit of self-interests, while natural of human behavior, must be regulated by external systems in order to ensure a more equitable and efficient allocation of resources. This means that greed is not necessarily good in today’s current economic situation. As used in this discussion and in the article, this greed may not only be the effect of supply and demand but the pursuits of an individual’s self-interests for the improvement of the economic system.

The Business Ethics Used At Nike Commerce Essay

The Business Ethics Used At Nike Commerce Essay Lets take Nike for example. Founded in 1964, and the brand name created in 1971, head office in Oregon USA, it is the biggest manufacturer of sportswear in the world, selling footwear and apparels and related sports equipment. Also outsourcing contracts to 500 factories that operate in 160 countries, they employ nearly 1 million people directly or indirectly (Business-humanrights ; 2009). According to NIKE, A good name and reputation result in large part from their collective actions. That means the work-related activities of every employee must reflect standards of honesty, loyalty, trustworthiness, fairness, concern for others and accountability. They are expected to be sensitive to any situations that can adversely impact NIKEs reputation and are expected to use good judgment and common sense in the way to conduct business'(nikbiz ;2010). NIKE is one brand which achieved the top in world class by setting high standards and following the business ethics by forming a code of conduct. This code of conduct was mandatory and was to be followed by all of the team members of NIKE whether they were the Sales Agents, Consultants, Representatives, independent Contractors or even external temporary workers. NIKE understands that in order to obtain optimum performance from an employee, they must provide them with an environment void of harassment and discrimination of all sorts such as that related to age, gender, religion, disability, ethnic group, marital status, veteran status or any other similar status relative to class or caste. Sometimes people feel harassed and this harassment doesnt come against the protected law. Human acts which cause hurt and emotional strains like rude abusive, insensitive impolite behavior shown to people is against the companys code of conduct and will fall in the act of harassment against a person or group of people. Incase of any complaints, the harassed must report to the concerned manager. This code of conduct also applies to all the business partners who manufacture NIKE products. Harassments of any sort is strictly forbidden whether pertaining to legal laws or company policies. But in any case if such a situation may arise, NIKE has made sure of an effective complaint process through the Employee Relations or Human Resources Department. On the social responsibilities, NIKE further adds, NIKE is committed to socially responsible sourcing practices. We are driven to do not only what is required by law, but also what is expected of a leader. We expect our business partners to do the same. We do this through the NIKE Code of Conduct, which covers contractors who manufacture NIKE product. (SampleBusiness ;2009.)This code calls for our partners management practices to respect the rights of all employees, to minimize the impact on the environment, provide a safe and healthy work place, and promote the health and well being of all employees. As a member of the NIKE team, when presented the opportunity, you have a responsibility to promote compliance with the NIKE Code of Conduct and to report any instances of non-compliance, of which you become aware, to the Corporate Responsibility Compliance Group. (nikebiz.com). That being the social interpersonal issues of the company, NIKE claims to also comply with the health and safety rules and regulations. They feel that their duty is to not only provide innovative products to their clients but also be finite in knowing that the products supplied are safe and non-hazardous in all ways. This not only helps gain public confidence but also grants a better competitive ranking in the lucrative market. And the certainty of the safety does not end here. They also emphasize that the employees be an environmentally responsible citizen and so if they feel that a condition may cause a potential impact to the surroundings either socially, scientifically or economically, they report to the authorities immediately. (Schwartz, J. ; 2010) Like with all organizations, NIKE also expects its customers to be sincere and loyal by protecting the Nike info, ideas intellectual property. Every now then, a companys strategic plans, sales figures, financial info, product designs, negotiations, software, employees personal info, trade secrets, patents, trademarks and similar info is brought into the notice of one or several members of the organization and since the market is competitive, NIKE employees are prohibited to share or sell out any piece of detail, either manually or electronically . The employees must also safeguard the assets and records present under the ownership of the organization. Nike prioritizes privacy and hence it is committed to giving respect to all the rights of their customers. All the departments handling the confidential information have to be on one foot at all times. That said because, no company can afford mishandling of information. Incase data is ever lost or misplaced, or even otherwise, the new records must never be made up or false statements, misleading, misinterpretations, or material omissions. Even more special care has to be taken with financial transactions. They should be accurate, fair and transparent. NIKE expects their work related activities to reflect extreme standards of trustworthiness, concern for others and accountability. Acts of fraud theft, or cheatings in anyway are strictly forbidden. NIKE relies in making relationships based on integrity. It is NIKEs policy to compete fairly anywhere and everywhere and expect their product and service developments, manufacturing and sales to conform to highest ethical standards. These anti-trust competition laws, if violated could result in mega fines or even imprisonment. Even though NIKE requires its members to be strictly sincere and loyal, however, at the same time NIKE does respect the rights of their employees to participate in other business opportunities outside of the NIKE Organization (Peter;2000). But care must be taken, keeping in mind all the rules regulations of the company policies, which pertains to non-confliction of interests with Nike. That may include situations such as a team member exploiting opportunities for himself which were actually discovered through NIKEs assets and information (nikbiz ; 2010). Moreover, an employee is not allowed to accept a gift, gratuity, entertainment or favor over a certain limited amount and that also in non-cash form. An amount of $200 is considered a threshold limit over which, it is considered as a bribe. He is forbidden to give or take cash at any time. The bribery is not only unacceptable between a member and clients but also to government officials, civil servants or, as a matter of fact, anyone at hand in order to influence them. An action shall be taken and employees will be taken into charge if they use any deceptive methods or abuse the confidential information to have an unjust exploitation over competitors, suppliers, or customers. Laws, rules and regulations are not only limited to the organizations and affiliated parties within the USA. NIKE is very strict in complying with the laws of the country they do business with, even if it means losses on their part of the organization. Like majority of the US companies, NIKE is also governed by the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) according to which, It is illegal for anyone at NIKE to offer, promise, or pay money or anything of value, directly or indirectly to any foreign government official or employee, political party, or candidate for public office for the purpose of obtaining or maintaining business or for any other business advantage.(nikzbiz ;2010). The FCPA only allows payments under some specific circumstances for which, if the need arises, the team member can consult the NIKE legal department. (Schwartz;2010). Other than these rules, NIKE also has certain boycotting laws, with which NIKE complies strongly. For instance, if a certain Country A has boycotted a certain Country B, and if NIKE is doing business with Country A and that Country is asking for a certification that supplies not be made in Country B, then NIKE is not liable to accept the request of Country A, as it is against the USA Anti-Boycott law and NIKE will eventually be reporting it to the US authorities. A summarized view of NIKEs Ethical code of conduct: Keywords The Nike Code of Conduct Memorandum of Understanding. Obligations of subcontractors/suppliers Basic principles Principles governing the conduct of business: trust teamwork honesty mutual respect Nike expects compliance with the same principles by its trading partners Human rights Respect of human rights Forced labour Forced labour prison or otherwise must not be used at any stage of production Non-discrimination Nike is a company made up of persons of all origins, which appreciates individual diversity and is dedicated to equal opportunity for each individual No discrimination in hiring, salary, benefits, advancement, termination or retirement on the basis of gender, race, religion, age, sexual preference or ethnic origin Safety and health In accordance with local regulations Health insurance, life insurance and workerscompensation In accordance with local regulations Responsibility of a global enterprise To do what is expected of a leader by participating in the betterment of peoples lives through sport and fitness Legal requirements In accordance with local trade legislation as regards: minimum wages overtime child labour leave, public holidays mandatory retirement benefits Compliance with: local regulations practices established by Nike A Nike representative is responsible for the day-to-day application of the Memorandum in each subcontracted factory. Nike production managers update the Memorandum every two years. Nike may request an independent monitoring of plants at any time. In the event of non-compliance with the Memorandum, Nike may require that the situation be corrected or it may terminate its trade relations. All subcontractors must: keep any documentation which may be necessary to prove the correct application of the recommendations contained in the Memorandum; and agree to provide these documents to Nike for any inspections required by the company Environment To minimize impact on the environment. Implementation of the three Rsof environmental action: Reduce, re-use and re-cycle (Sajhau ; 2010) NIKES LEGAL BATTLE FOR VIOLATION OF ETHICS: The criticism was started in early 90s about Nike being involved with child labor issues, employees suffering from safety and health problems and physical harming of employees. One of the major issues that was raised at NIKE in 1996, which put NIKEs integrity at risk was the child labor issue in Pakistan. Young children aged between 9 to16 years were made to work and pictures of hand sewn footballs were splashed all over the net. NIKE was accused of labor and human rights violations. A lawsuit had been filed and NIKE appealed legally. On the personal upfront, NIKE responded with labor codes, personal letters, campus visits and newspaper releases. The US Supreme Court decided 5-3 to postpone ruling on NIKE vs. the prosecutor. NIKE made a charity settlement, giving $1.5 million to the fair labor association. (Canizares;2001). That experience forced us to decide who we were when it comes to corporate social responsibility, and forced us to really figure it out,(nikbiz ;2010) confessed EITEL, one of the business executive remembering the difficult time the company faced. EITEL not only had to reassure the external bodies who were criticizing the goodwill and ethics of the corporate dealing but she also had to deal with the question and queries of 500,000 employees in 58 countries. Through a hard learned lesson, EITEL believes that the code of ethics is not to be put on shelf and forgotten about, but has to be embedded by the executives in the roots of the corporate and make it THE culture. In this way the corporate can up guard their moral values under any difficult timing and can be up to face any legal or moral challenge (Cr; 2009). It has been an enormous change in a decade that NIKE has come forward by charting a different course in corporate citizenship and all other aspects of their dealings from the face of a corporate villain where laws of child labor were dusted. NIKE, in their newly-published Corporate Responsibility (CR) Report for fiscal years 2007 to 2009, commented on its new strategy which is, Reaching a closed-loop business model where the goal is to achieve zero waste in the supply chain and have products and materials that can be continuously reused no pre- or post-consumer waste. NIKE CEO Mark Parker writes in the reports introduction, We see sustainability, both social and environmental, as a powerful path to innovation, and crucial to our growth strategies. (Connor ; 2010). At present, the main concern of the brand is to watch for labor human right violation. The company has three main product lines- footwear, apparel and equipment. Nearly 60 percent of the work force is in North Asia and 31 percent in South Asia. One major difficulty is that contract apparel factories generally produce for multiple brands, making it very difficult to maintain standards. NIKE insists that monitoring the contract factories for working conditions, wages and overtime and several other issues, including possible unionization is not a piece of cake. While we can point to many examples of improvements, challenging issues remain for our company and our industry in systemically identifying and tackling how to affect long-term system-wide change,(nikbiz ;2010) the company says. (Canizares;2001) In evaluating where our targets fell short, we saw a consistent pattern: a focus on auditing against a set of criteria sometimes results in on-the-ground improvements for workers, but it rarely produces systemic change in the area of concern, (Canizares;2001). NIKE says. On further reflection, we realized that, if we want to make sustainable improvements for workers, we need to significantly change the way we engage and interact with our supply chain as a whole(nikbiz ;2010). One subject that NIKE shows loads of concern towards is a workers overtime. Asking factories to manufacture too many styles is one of the highest contributors to factory overtime in apparel. We have an opportunity to reduce this pressure by reducing the number of apparel styles and partnering with the factories to improve efficiencies through lean production method.(nikz ;2010). Recently, NIKE took a very ambitious initiative. That is, A goal of reducing excessive overtime for workers in their supply chain by 2011 (nikbiz;2010). This reminder came in response to the criticism that NIKE received frequently, which eventually lead the way to innovative solutions to labor rights challenges. NIKE was the first to make its list of affiliated factories public in 2005 for open inspection for anyone who felt the need to spy for violation of any labor and human rights. By doing this they provided another ethical example of protecting human rights by elimination of overtime work and by altering their own internal buying practices(.Icmrindia; 2002). NIKE also undertook a very Eco-Friendly approach by launching a shoe called CONSIDERED in 2005 (Icmrindia; 2010). This was a step towards a more healthy and safer product line which was devoid of harmful adhesives and more of re-used materials. It also eliminated sulphur hexafluoride (a very harmful chemical to health) from its shoes called NIKE AIR(nikzbiz ;2010). It also started making sports surfaces from recycled shoes and manufacturing waste. It further started worldwide collaboration with NGOS to reduce the damage to the environment through its human and monetary resources and to eventually reduce the effects of Global Warming. The concept was further extended to be used in apparel and sports equipment that the company produced. NIKE had developed an index called Considered Index using which NIKEs designers could get a ranking based on the environmental friendliness during the design phase before they went for commercial production. Nike aimed at making its own facilities and b usiness travel climate neutral by 2011. (-1.htmlSporting Goods Business ;2009). It had set a target of making all its footwear meet the minimum standard of Considered Index by 2011 ,its apparel by 2015, and sports equipment by 2020(nikbiz ; 2010). In other words, NIKE truly took a step to fulfill their code of ethics to support and safeguard the health and safety of every person associated with them. (Schwartz ;2010) NIKE has been on the list of the most ethical companies in the world from 2007-2010 every year, along with several other mega awards (Canizares ;2001). Even though NIKE tries its max to set the best possible ethical standards, there are two noted watchdogs, the Oxfams NIKE Watch and TeamSweat, who constantly find loopholes with NIKEs performance and other agendas. (Connor ; 2010). But NIKE has not been defied by such activists and they are continuing to lay examples of how the process of good reporting can lead to data being gathered, metrics developed and performance benchmarks set. NIKE has learnt a great deal from its past experiences, and it has not been deterred in its work but only grown stronger in every way possible. Says the CEO Parker, We learnt to view transparency as an asset, not a risks (Connor ; 2010). This document depicts the Pros and Cons of NIKEs Organization, and this only proves that No body is free of the unethical code of conduct. Yet, there are ways to improve under good intentions or even improvise if needed. In conclusion, just a reminder for us all: THE ETHICS OF EXCELLENCE REQUIRES A SENSE OF PERSPECTIVE. LOOK AT THE BIG PICTURE : IF YOU LIVE FOR THE MOMENT, DO YOU MORTGAGE THE FUTURE? WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU PUT YOUR REPUTATION AT RISK..à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ LOSE THE BET? Reference:- Sajhau, J.P; 2010. Business ethics in the textile, clothing and footwear (TCF) industries,Sector Publications (SAP 2.60/WP.110 ).Available at: http://www.ilo.org/public/english/dialogue/sector/papers/bzethics/bthics7.htm[Accessed 12 March 2010]. Bradley, G.O ;1998. A World of Nuclear Giants Available at: http://www.gzcenter.org/leaflets/mar_leaf.htm.[Accessed 10 March 2010]. Ethicalcorp ;2009. Ethical Corporation. Nike and sustainability Making the running for business ethics Available at: http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=5421. .[Accessed 02 March 2010]. Sporting Goods Business ; 2009. Nike endorses Global Reporting Initiative Available at: http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-miscellaneous/4458064-1.html .[Accessed 6 Feb 2010]. Icmrindia ; 2010. Nike Considered An Environmental Sustainability Initiative. Available at: http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Ethics/BECG111.htm.[Accessed 16 Feb 2010]. Connor, M.;2010. Nike: Corporate Responsibility at a Tipping Point Business Ethics. Available at: http://business-ethics.com/2010/01/24/2154-nike-corporate-responsibility-at-a-tipping-point/[Accessed 23 March 2010] Canizares,K ;2001. NIKE Failed On Sweatshop Reform Promises.Availabe at: http://www.albionmonitor.com/0105b/copyright/nikereport.html . [Accessed 16 April 2010]. [Accessed 29 March 2010]. Cr; 2009. 100 Best Corporate Citizens 2009. Available at: http://www.thecro.com/100best09[Accessed 13 March 2010]. Business-humanrights ; 2009 http://www.business-humanrights.org/Categories/Miscellaneous/Ratingsindexes/100BestCorporateCitizensUSA[Accessed 13 March 2010]. Bized ;2005. Business Ethics. Available at: http://www.bized.co.uk/dataserv/chron/news/2331.htm [Accessed 12 March 2010] Slideshare; 2009. Nike Ethics. Available at: http://www.slideshare.net/eonemo/nike-ethics [Accessed 01 March 2010] NikBiz ; 2010 Ethics, Governance and Responsibility Available at: http://www.nikebiz.com/responsibility/cr_governance.html [Accessed 12-30March] Icmrindia ;2002. Nikes Labor Practices Available at http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Business%20Ethics/BECG018.htm[Accessed 16 Feb 2010]. Peter; S. 2000. Panorama: Gap and Nike no sweat? Available at: http://www.allbusiness.com/management/3496230-1.html[Accessed 30 March 2010] Schwartz, J. ; 2010. Business Ethics Fortnight Available at: http://www.ethicsandbusiness.org/Photo_gallery/montgomerygroup.htm [Accessed 30 March 2010] SampleBusiness ;2009. Available at: http://sample-business.com/nike-business-ethics[Accessed 28 March 2010] Cascio, J.;2005. World changing Starbucks Nike, Doing the Right Thing Available at: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002534.html [Accessed 09 March 2010] Willian, S. 2002. Its not just a Code, its a Culture Available at: http://www.savvypr.com/iabcethicscolumn2.html[Accessed 09 March 2010] Ceruleanangela ; 2007. Business ethics, Nike Compliance Life Cycle Available at: http://ceruleanangela.10.forumer.com/a/business-ethics_post2.html[Accessed 09 March 2010]

Conflict Resolution And Transformation

Conflict Resolution And Transformation Conflict resolution and transformation are issues which have become very topical in debates and discussions on Zimbabwe. This is not only because Zimbabwe is characterised by many conflicts, but much more so due to the realization that in most cases the conflicts have negative impacts the a nations socio-economic and political development. Thus conflict resolution and peace building processes have become very essential in solving the problem of conflicts in the country. This chapter intends to examine the grassroots conflict resolution and peace building processes in Zimbabwe with a focus on Tongogara district as case study. It will also seek to explore the context, in which traditional leaders operate, the processes that link them to the people as well as how other scholars view them in terms of their effectiveness. Saunders (2000) defined literature review as a search and evaluation of the available literature in a given subject or area. Reviewing related literature helps the researcher gain insight on what other researchers have done and establishes existing gaps which the research seeks to ultimately fill. Punch (1998) considers the review of related literature as a researchers roadmap in the quest to convert tentative research problems to a detailed and concise plan of action. Lincoln (2005) augments the same notion by suggesting that it is of importance to be guided by related literature as this will equip the researcher with requisite skills to evaluate various viewpoints basing on the work that other researchers have done. The literature reviewed in this chapter seeks to analyse the role of traditional leaders in conflict transformation, the concept of conflict transformation, the common conflicts experienced at grassroots level and more importantly the approaches that are used by the traditional authorities in transforming conflicts. It further seeks to examine the theoretical and scholarly perspectives on the effectiveness of community processes that are employed in conflict management and peace building. 2.1 Background to conflict theory The period from 1970 to the present, has witnessed a remarkable interest in studies in conflict management and transformation. This was motivated by a number of factors which include ideological changes in the international system, the independence of most African states and the rise of many civil wars in Africa and the rise of new actors in conflict resolution paradigm. Interestingly however, most of the literature produced focuses mainly on the documentation of conflicts, their nature, and types of resolution that can be achieved neglecting the area of conflict prevention, resolution, transformation and management; hence the need to research on the practical ways that can help in the achievement of sustainable peace especially at grassroot level. Gaps have also been noticed in terms of the level at which conflict analysis is taking place as many scholars tend to place conflict resolution and transformation at the high level of governance not considering that many causes of conflict are deeply rooted in the grassroots and require the grassroots level actors to act on them to achieve sustainable peace and development. Sandy (2004) places emphasis on the conditions that are necessary for the transformation of conflicts. He argues that any attempt to articulate the nature of conflict and conflict resolution, must address those conditions, which are favourable for its emergence. He mentioned participation, engagement, freedom, justice and human rights as pre requisites for the achievement of conflict transformation. Sandy (2004) also mentioned the need for Community building and democratization as important strategies in conflict resolution and transformation .However Sandy does not unpack on how the democratization and community building can be used to achieve conflict transformation at the lowest level of governance where there are traditional leaders and councillors as key actors in governance. This therefore leaves out players like the grass root leaders and other influential people in the communities who are also important in peace building. The Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution (2 010) focuses on definitions of peace and conflict, bringing the different kinds of peace that are there and the pre-requisites for conflict transformation and peace , the mechanisms of achieving this peace is however often overlooked. This therefore leaves a gap in terms of literature that explores practical ways of resolving conflicts and peace building, Rumel (2004) looks at alternative concepts of conflict resolution and the principles underlying those concepts. He mentions peace, as being a state of mind, that is, if the mind is at rest, then it follows that there will be peace and vice versa. Rumel (2004) views the human mind, as major contributor to conflict as he points out that, for as long as one has unsatisfied desires he/she wont be at harmony with the others. He brings out an important aspect in conflict transformation when he states that a human being needs to be satisfied with oneself and the outcome of any resolution exercise that maybe employed. Harris and Reilly (2005), emphasize the need to build a strong grassroots background as critical in addressing deeply rooted conflicts. They emphasise on the importance of addressing the root causes of conflicts through the involvement of parties involved in the conflicts. Their focus is however more inclined to ethnic conflicts and tribal conflicts, as they believe these conflicts are more a result of identity than anything else. This work is important, as it looks some of the practical ways in conflict resolution that are needed to achieve peace more so at grassroots level as most ethnic and tribal conflict are noticed at lower levels of administration like the districts and the villages. Most of the literature on conflict turns a blind eye on the role of grassroots actors in conflict transformation as usually their focus is large scale level, this often does not bring sustainability and progressive development, moreover this also leads to the extinction or decline in relevance of the grassroots approaches that are being used in the rural communities in developing countries. 2.2 The concept of Conflict transformation Conflict transformation is the term that has come into common usage over the years from the early 1980s, as a concept and a process that encompasses various aspects of conflict prevention, peace building, supporting local capacities for peace and transformational development. Conflict transformation arose as an alternative to the dominant paradigms of conflict resolution. As advocated by Lederach (1995), conflict transformation was conceptualized to provide a comprehensive framework for addressing conflict throughout its phases, that is from the initial stages of indirect conflict, to full-scale direct conflict to lastly, its resolution. Conflict transformation seeks to address questions often neglected on conflict resolution; structural violence, culture and cultural identity and the role individuals can play in diminishing conflict intensity and duration (Miall et al 1999). However, conflict transformation has also been articulated as an extension of current practices incorporated in peace-building (Miall et al 1999). This distinction does not however, affect the primary goals and objectives of a transformational approach. A number of conflicts theorists like Lederach (1998) advocate for the pursuit of conflict transformation as opposed to conflict resolution and conflict management, this according to Lederach (2000) is because conflict transformation reflects a better understanding of the nature of conflict itself. Conflict resolution implies that conflict is bad hence something bad should be ended thus conflict can be resolved permanently though mediation and other intervention processes, conflict management on the other hand correctly assumes that conflicts are long term processes that people can be directed or controlled as though they were physical objects (Lederach 2000). Furthermore Conflict transformation as put by Lederach does not suggest that we simply eliminate or control conflicts but rather work with its dialectic nature, this takes into cognisance the fact that conflict is social and naturally created by humans who are involved in relationships, it changes (transforms) these events, peop le, relationships that created the initial conflict. The cause and effect relationships thus goes both ways from the people and relationships to the conflict and then back to the people and the relationships (Vayrnen 1991), thus in this sense conflict transformation describes a natural occurrence. Conflict Transformation also involves transforming the way conflicts are expressed, it may be expressed competitively, aggressively or violently or it may be expressed through nonviolent advocacy, coalition or attempted cooperation (Lederach 1998) .The Centre for Conflict Dynamics(CCD 2009) views conflict transformation as a process by which conflicts such as ethnic conflicts are transformed into peaceful outcomes , it is therefore a process of engaging with and transforming the relationship, interests, discourses and if necessary the very constitution of society that support the continuation of violent conflict. In support of this view by CCD (2009), The Search for Common Ground (SFCG 2010) sees conflict transformation as initiatives that are often characterised by long time horizons and interventions at multiple levels, aimed at changing perceptions and improving relationships and addressing the roots of the conflict including inequality and social justice. Conflict transformation theory recognises the need to transform the conflict at a number of levels. Vayrnen (1991) identifies five transformations that need to occur in order to have a positive shift in the conflict. These are context transformation, structural transformation, actor transformation, issue transformation and individual / group transformation. This approach to conflict transformation acknowledges the multi-dimensional nature of conflict. 2.2.1 Principles of conflict transformation Burton 1996 identifies several principles to which he argues form the backbone of a conflict transformation process. Conflict should not be regarded as an isolated event that can be resolved or managed but as an integral part of societys on-going evolution and development. Conflicts should not be understood sorely as inherently negative and destructive occurrence but rather as a potentially positive and productive force of change if harnessed constructively. Conflict transformation goes beyond merely seeking to contain and manage conflict, instead seeking to transform root causes of a particular conflict. Conflict transformation is a long term gradual and complex process requiring sustained engagement and interaction. Conflict transformation is not just an approach and set of techniques but a way of thinking about and understanding conflict itself. Conflict transformation is particularly intended for intractable conflicts, with deep rooted issues. 2.3 Background to Traditional Leadership in Zimbabwe Ranger (1996) poses that the institution of traditional leadership has been around in Africa from time immemorial, traditional leaders are according to ranger the politicians of the pre-colonial age. At independence in 1980, Chieftainship was retained as a symbol of traditional values but the chiefs themselves were stripped of all their administrative and judicial functions. The chiefs and headman even lost their tax collecting functions as well as some administrative customary functions. District Councils assumed the administrative functions previously performed by traditional rulers whilst community courts took over the judicial functions. Ncube (2011) posts that the failure by the new government to incorporate and co-opt traditional institutions into formal state institutions in the first decades of independence lies at the heart of the confusion surrounding local administration in the communal areas after independence, this confusion was characterised by lack of clarity on the roles and functions between the Traditional institutions of Chiefs, Headman and Village Heads and the elected leadership of Village Development Committees (VIDCOs) and Ward Development Committees WADCOs in land matters. This precipitated a crisis of communal leadership in the communal areas of Zimbabwe whereby the legitimacy of the traditional institutions began to be questioned .Ncube (2011) further states that the powers of the traditional leaders were becoming defunct in many areas of the country, some chiefs, headman and village heads required some of their defunct authority over land proceeded to clandestinely allocate land, this land allo cation has become the common source of conflicts in Zimbabwes rural areas, thus the crisis of communal leadership sufficed itself in many land conflicts which occurred throughout the country The Zimbabwe governance system like in most African countries is characterised by co-existence of hereditary chieftainship and a democratically elected leadership. Traditional leadership is active at all levels of governance in Zimbabwe from the national level to the village level. At the highest level of the institution is the Chief, at the middle of the hierarchy is the office of the Headman and at the lowest tier which is village level is the Village Head , These institutions are established by the Traditional Leaders Act which recognises the role of each office in community development and peace building. The institution of traditional leadership is also recognised by the constitution, unlike local government that is created by statutes of Parliament. There are however conflicting claims to legitimacy and uneasy co-existence between traditional and elected leadership. Traditional leadership and local government officials occasionally trade accusations of abuse of power, non-compl iance with laws; customs and traditions, especially regarding allocation and management of resources such as land which forms the prevalent source of most conflicts in communal areas The Headman has functions similar to those of the Chief on a delegated basis but he is also the chair of Ward Assembly meetings. Since the Village Head chairs both the VIDCO and Village Assembly, the VIDCOs survive on the hard work of the Village Head and in a number of cases the VIDCOs no longer operating with all VIDCO functions being performed by the Village Head whilst in some cases VIDCOs are only seen to be operating when land disputes and resource conflicts emanate (Moyo, 2006) 2.3.2 The rural Governance nucleus The above diagram gives an explanation on the relationship in rural governance. The people form the core of governance and everything that is done at local level. The Africa Community Publishing and Development Trust (ACPDT 2010) explains that the authority in the rural areas rise with rank from the ordinary citizen or resident of a local area until it reaches the level of the rural district council. Which form the overall leadership in terms of development policies in Zimbabwean rural areas? the powers of the village heads are less than that of the headman as given in the traditional leaders Act cap 29.17(111) section 11, whilst those of the Headman are more than those of the Village heads but less than those of the chief in terms of the same Act (section 6 and 8; Traditional Leaders Act). Matibenga (2010) Asserts that in conflict resolution, if a village head fails to solve a community conflict issue, they refer it to the headman and if a headman fails again that same issue is referred to the Chief, the Chief is the highest traditional authority in rural areas. Ncube (2011) however argues on the same line but stating differently that these hierarchies in the rural areas are the primary causes of conflicts in rural Zimbabwe, this is because there are conflicts between these traditional leaders themselves in terms of responsibilities as one can easily see that the Chief has no limits over his jurisdiction in the discharge of traditional authority, The chief has the power according to the Traditional Leaders Act and the Customary Law and Local Courts Act to deal with issues even those that can be adjudicated by the lower authority of traditional leadership as such this causes dissatisfaction amongst the headman and village heads, as a result if the lower authority try to adjudicated the same type of conflicts in future, their authority is easily undermined and as such this reduces their relevance in dealing with traditional matters. This duplication of duties has been going on well for quite some time and has thus undermined the co-existence of these traditional leaders and as such reduced the impact of the grassroots approaches to conflict transformation by the traditional authorities. 2.4 Aims of grassroots conflict resolution 2.4.1 Empowering the community Kubasu (2008) observes that grassroots approaches to conflict resolution by traditional leaders seek to re-empower communities to make vital decisions and address the needs of their people as well as create an environment more conducive to lasting peace. This is because empowering the traditional leader is empowering the community as the community banks on its leadership for progress, opinion and development. 2.4.2 Restoration of Order and Relationships From a traditional point of view, conflict is perceived as an unwelcome disturbance of the relationships within the community. Hence traditional conflict transformation aims at the restoration of order and harmony of the community. Cooperation between conflict parties in the future has to be guaranteed. Traditional conflict management is thus geared towards the future (Mare. 2004). Consequently, the issue is not punishment of perpetrators for deeds done in the past, but restitution as a basis for reconciliation. Reconciliation is necessary for the restoration of social harmony of the community in general and of social relationships between conflict parties in particular. The aim as put by Kubasu (2008) is not to punish, an action which would be viewed as harming the group a second time. The ultimate aim of conflict transformation thus is the restoration of relationships Another immediate objective of such conflict resolution is to mend the broken or damaged relationship, and rectify wrongs, and restore justice (Moyo 2009). This is to ensure the full integration of parties into their societies again (Bob-Manuel: 2006), and to adopt the mood of co-operation for progressive development. 2.4.3 Transforming societies Other long term aims are based on building harmony in the community. It has been realised that tolerance is not maintained automatically, and should purposefully be aimed at and worked for. The Kpelle people of Liberia of West Africa are known for their ad hoc local meetings called moots or community palavers, where the conflicting parties arrive at mediated settlements through the use of experienced traditional leader (Bob-Manuel 2006). Bob-Manuel (2006) further tells that among the Ndendeuli of Tanzania, grasroot actors play active roles in conflict solving by suggesting an agreement and get as far as pressurising the parties into accepting it. Pressurising can be done through talking or singing: shaming and ridiculing. This special method can be used in contexts where it is acceptable and in instances where the cause of the dispute is self- evident. 2.5 The importance of Grassroots actors Grassroots actors are well positioned to address matters of community building, and identity formation. This is so due to a number of reasons as noted by Wilson (2001). Firstly, grassroots actors are positioned within the communities that they are working. These places them in close proximity to each individual which builds trust, respect and confidence between those directly involved in the conflict. Wilson (2001) points out that the Volunteer conflict transformation project in the rural provinces of Rwanda was widely accepted because grassroots actors were integrated into the local planning processes which catered for developmental needs of the community. Traditional approaches focus on the psycho-social and spiritual dimension of violent conflicts and their transformation. This dimension tends to be underestimated by actors who are brought up and think in the context of western enlightenment (Dore 1995). Conflict transformation and peace-building is not only about negotiations, political solutions and material reconstruction, but also about reconciliation and mental and spiritual healing. Traditional approaches have a lot to offer in this regard. They do not only deal with material issues, reason and talk, but also with the spiritual world, feelings and non-verbal communication. Thus Dore (1995) further highlights that reconciliation as the basis for the restoration of communal harmony and relationships is at the heart of customary conflict resolution. When dealing with conflicts based in a Third World or non-Western society, action or interference from external factors, such as International Non-Government Organisations, is often regarded as culturally insensitive or an act of Western imperialism (Solomon and Mangqibisa 2000). This perception of outside interference affects the prospects of conflict transformation as external actors intervening in the conflict often have established methods of interaction that often disregard traditions of conflict resolution that are evident in conflict-ridden societies (Solomon and Mngqibisa 2000). Grassroots actors are however, often familiar with particularistic traditions of community-building. As these are more likely to be positively received by the people, traditional methods are more conducive to peace promotion and enduring stability and cooperation within the society. Traditional approaches are holistic, comprising also social, economic, cultural and religious-spiritual dimensions. This is in accordance with the entirety of traditional lifestyles and world views in which the different spheres of societal life are hardly separated. (Kubasu 2008)The conflict parties can directly engage in negotiations on conflict termination and in the search for a solution, or a third party can be invited to mediate; in any case the process is public, and the participation in the process and the approval of results is voluntary. It is carried out by social groups in the interest of social groups (extended families, clans, village communities, tribes, brotherhoods, etc.); individuals are perceived as members of a group, they are accountable to that group, and the group is accountable for (the deeds of) each of its members. Kubasu (2008) advances that grassroot action provides an invaluable contribution to the process and substance of conflict transformation. Through their position in the socio-political hierarchy, Traditional leaders are well placed to address issues of identity and may often initiate change in an environment generally un-conducive to larger scale attempts at conflict resolution. Whilst the activities engaged by grassroots actors is largely context specific, conflict transformation theorists and practitioners can look to the success of different grassroots initiatives to build upon the current literature. 2.5.1 Comparison between grassroots conflict transformation and Morden conflict resolution Table 1(Adopted from Kubasu 2008) Traditional conflict resolution values Morden Judgement handed down by the traditional leader whose throne is hereditary and his assessors selected on their merits Judgement handed down by judges whose office is conferred on them through formal qualifications Peaceful resolution and recourse to justice Frequent recourse to revenge and violence, without waiting for justice Concern to reconcile the parties in conflict Judgements are categorical. There is no concern to bring together the parties to the conflict, nor for any later outcome The traditional leaders act out of a spirit of honesty, impartiality and fairness They offer their services voluntarily Bureaucratic and (at times) corrupt mentality Paid work Justice by the people involving everyone (everyone can come to listen and give an opinion)at the dares or village circles Justice is the province of a particular group of people (those with formal qualifications) Lengthy judicial process Disputes settled quickly or over a period of time(transformative) Moral and social sanctions Physical punishment and material fines Torture and imprisonment(does not create social harmony) Divesting individuals of their functions Being discredited in others eyes Being marginalized Paying fines Once the penalty has been paid, no further reference made to offences committed 2.5.2 Conflict Mapping and Analysis Processes of conflict resolution in Africa are characterised by three dimensions which include the nature of conflicts, conflict resolution mechanisms and the outcome of such mechanisms. In understanding the nature of conflicts, first there is need to identify types of conflicts (Maruta and Mpofu: 2004). There have been different ways of identifying types of conflicts. One way is in terms of complexity. It has been observed that in Zimbabwe there are simple and complex types of conflicts (Alexander 1995). Most of the conflicts have been and continue to be complex. The second way is in terms of duration. In this context there are short lived and protracted conflicts. Protracted conflicts are the most common in rural Zimbabwe these include conflicts of resources especially land and well as ethnic or tribal issues .In the Midlands and Matabeleland were protracted conflicts and civil wars that came after independence . The third way is in terms of violence. There are conflicts which are violent and those which are non-violent. Some people have characterised the non-violent conflicts as latent or structured conflicts (Fisher 2007). However, most conflicts which have been studied and which have drawn greater attention are violent conflicts which have involved bloodshed. Although most conflict resolution measures have been taken on violent conflicts, there have also been situations when conflict resolution measures have been made on latent conflicts. For example the latent conflict between traditional leaders and elected councillors in the Zibabgwe district of Kwekwe gave rise to a process of peace negotiations under the auspices of the Centre for Conflict Management and Transformation (Mpangala, 2000). The fourth way of identifying types of conflicts is in terms of the scale of the conflict. In this context conflicts in rural areas have been categorised as either resource or political conflicts, with a few tribal and household conflicts 2.5.3 The effect of political involvement Sometimes the role of traditional leaders as champions of conflict transformation and good governance is compromised by their involvement in politics, this motivates the people to challenge their legitimacy and the validity of their judgements, and as such this affects their leadership capabilities. The Newsday(2012) reported that the institution of the traditional leadership has come under spotlight following the governments intention to bestow greater powers on the traditional leaders , the argument here is that the age old concept of traditional leaders remaining mere custodians of cultural values and interceding with the ancestors has been turned head on as a ruling government seeks to enhance their political expediency though influencing traditional leaders, Kubatana(2012) supports this by quoting President Mugabes speech when he said chiefs should no longer remain repositories of oral history You should be guardians of our national sovereignty and guard against those who delight in associating with our detractors and those who work in cahoots with the powers that seek to mislead our people(Kubatana :2012) Mararike (2011) observes that although there is need to improve the role and operations of chiefs , greater caution should be taken to prevent abuse of any authority guaranteed , traditional leaders are unable to operate effectively because of the dualism of using the Roman Dutch Law as the basis of our legal system and the traditional system hence there could be serious problems unless the traditional system of government is clearly separated from the political party system whereby traditional leaders are separated in a non-partisan way Few traditional leaders have legal remaining to despise Morden forms of justice their judgement and authority can be easily contested and overlooked, the Chief Negomo vs. the Prime minister Tsvangirai issue is one such example of a situation where traditional leaders are oblivion to address community issues but go on to fight the politicians, however they end up with their decisions overlooked and their legitimacy questioned, Mararike (2011) further argues that the current crop of traditional leaders have no capacity , he argues that young ,educated and professional men should be appointed as chiefs otherwise the current crop would need support staff to dispense justice without biases among rural communities. 2.6 The Traditional Conflict Transformation approaches During the years of traditional leadership in Africa various conflicts caused by different issues attracted various approaches to their resolution. Most conflicts and their resolution methods at that time were predominantly local. Conflicts were between individuals, villages, communities or tribes who lived in the same or adjoining areas. Those who intervened were often local elders and /or tribal leaders. When kingdoms developed about the 17th and 18th century in southern Africa, stronger and wider authority came into power, but the traditional methods of instigating and resolving conflicts had gone through very small changes and are now gradually starting their process of decline. 2.6.1 Mediation Mediation is defined as an attempt to settle a dispute through an active participation of a third party(Mediator) who works to find points of agreement and make those in conflict agree on a fair result. The Harvard journal of Conflict Studies (Nov 2008) defines mediation as an act of reconciliation that is trying to unite and reach an agreement between conflicting parties. The chiefs and headman are respected as trustworthy mediators all over Africa, because of their accumulated experience and wisdom as they are usually of an elderly age. Their role as mediators would depend on traditions, circumstances and personalities, accordingly of their society. These roles include: pressurising or manipulating conflicting parties to reach an agreement, making recommendations, giving assessment, conveying suggestions on behalf of a party. Behaviour used is facilitation, through clarifying information, promoting clear communication, interpreting standpoints, summarising discussions, emphasising relevant norms or rules, envisaging the situation if agreement is not reached, or repeating of the agreement already attained. The mediators can also remain passive, as they are there to represent important shared values. There is no predetermined model, so they are entitled to change their roles fr

New England Weather :: essays research papers

In the New England area, the weather is very unpredictable due to the following reasons. New England sits right in the middle of the Jet Stream, a weather pattern that remains fairly consistent as it guides the weather for the entire United States. To the north of the Jet Stream, you have very cold Arctic air, and to the south of it, you have the warm moist Gulf air. These two factors help to create a very unstable atmosphere that can change the forecast of the weather at anytime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many New England states lie along bodies of water. This can also create an irregular weather environment because the warm air off the water can turn snow to rain in the winter, and a warm sunny day to a very chilly one in the summer. Elevation can also become a problem with weather forecasters due to the fact that the elevations of the New England states are all different. So at any one time, it can be snowing in New Hampshire, Raining in Massachusetts, cloudy in Rhode Island and Foggy in Connecticut. The randomness of such weather is the reason why, in New England if you do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦ do not like the weather outside, wait Five minutes and it will change†¦

Darwin Vs. Pearson :: Natural Selection Essays

The writing of Charles Darwin focuses on the concept of natural selection and its implications on the human race. Darwin understands that allowing weaker people to pass on their genetic shortcomings will ultimately prove to be detrimental. People should have the same reproductive rights and opportunities as all other people. The writing of Karl Pearson also focuses on natural selection and its implications upon the human race. Pearson, however, believes that the weaker people of society should be forced to die off so as not to pass on their genetic malfeasance. Darwin and Pearson agree on the process of natural selection but disagree on how society should utilize the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection. Darwin & Pearson both believe that left unchecked the human race would evolve positively by not allowing unfit people to reproduce. Darwin says, â€Å"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health.† Darwin believes that people, without the constraints of society, would allow the weaker elements of their offspring to die off without reproducing. Since people operate in a civilized society, they must tolerate the people who are weaker than they are, even if it is a detriment to society at large, â€Å"We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind.† Karl Pearson believes that the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection should be utilized to stop the human race from declining, â€Å"I want you to see selection as something which renders the inexorable law of heredity a source of progress, which produces the good through suffering, an infinitely greater good which far outbalances the very obvious pain and evil.† Pearson believes that even though it will be hard to do, society must stop allowing inferior people to reproduce.

A Distinction between Sex Tourism and Romance Tourism Essay

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